Part I: Chinese
- China and Chinese (see
a sample)
2. Spoken Chinese 28
- Standard Language and "Dialects" 28
- Sound System 30
- Morphemes: Words or Word Parts 32
- Two-Morpheme Words 34 (see a
sample)
- Why Compound Words? 35
- Foreign Loan Words 37
- Full Words, Empty Words, and Classifiers 38
- Sentence Structures 40
3. Chinese Characters: Hanzi 43
- Beginning of Characters 43
- Evolution of Script Styles 44 (see
a sample)
- Chinese Calligraphy 48
- Six Categories of Characters 50
- Number of Characters 53
- Shapes of Characters 56
- Complex vs Simple Characters 58
4. Meaning Representation in Characters 62
- Pictographs and Indicators 62
- Semantic Components and Radicals 63
- Characters Tell Stories 65 (see
a sample)
- Compound Words and Idioms 68
- Characters for Abbreviations 71
- Chinese Numerals 71
- Chinese Personal Names 72
- Magical Quality of Characters 75
- Characters Understood Across Times and Places 77
5. Sound Representation by Characters 79
- Assigning Syllables to Characters 79
- Phonetic Components 80
- Phonetic Loans and Fanqie 83
- Homophonic, Polyphonic, or Unpronounced Characters 84 (see a sample)
6. Logographic Characters vs Phonetic Scripts 87
- Logography, Alphabet, and Syllabary 87
- Logographs vs. Phonetic Graphs: Research 91 (see a sample)
- Alphabet vs Logography for Science 96
- Effects of Scripts and Literacy on Cognition 100
7. Text Writing in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese 102
- Writing Directions: Vertical vs. Horizontal 102 (see a sample)
- Visual Span and Eye Movements 104
- Punctuation Marks and Spacing 106
- Prose and Paragraph Structure 109
8. Reforming Spoken and Written Chinese 112
- Mandarin and Putonghua (Common Speech) 113 (see a sample)
- Literary vs. Vernacular Language 114
- Raionalizing the Chinese Writing System 117
- Simplifying Character Shapes 119
- Roman Letters and Phonetic Symbols 122
- Pinyin vs WadeGiles Romanization 124
- Computerizing Chinese Characters 126
- Pinyin Complements Characters 129
9. Learning Hanzi, Pinyin, and Putonghua 132
- Should Preschoolers be Taught to Read? 132
- How Hanzi are Taught to Preschoolers 134
- How Reading is Taught at School 136 (see
a sample)
- Research on the Use of Pinyin 140
- Instruction of and in Putonghua ('Common Speech') 142
- Primary and Secondary School 143
10. History of Education and Literacy in China 146
- Confucianism and Confucian Classics 146
- The Civil-Service Examination System 150 (see a sample)
- Chinese World Views 154
- Invention of Paper and Printing 157
- Books and Publications 159
- History of Literacy 165
- Degrees of Literacy Using Characters 166
- Traditional and Pre-1949 Education 170
- In Women Ignorance is Virtue 172
- Education: Ideology and Post-secondary 174
Summary and Conclusions 177
Bibliography for Part I 180
